Dreher, Katharina (2025) What are the Masculine, Feminine, and Non-Binary Prototypes and Dimensions of Young Adults? Bachelor thesis, Psychology.
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Abstract
In recent decades, shifting societal norms and increasing visibility of diverse gender identities have prompted a re-evaluation of how gender is conceptualized. This study explored how masculine, feminine, and non-binary prototypes and dimensions have evolved among young adults by replicating and expanding Helgeson’s (1994) prototype-based approach. The research addressed two questions: How the prototypes of masculine male, masculine female, feminine female, and feminine male have changed since Helgeson’s (1994) study, and how non-binary prototypes differ from masculine and feminine ones. A total of 98 young adults aged 18-35, sampled through an online questionnaire, described up to five gendered stimulus persons. Responses were analysed using open coding, followed by deductive and inductive categorization into prototypical features and dimensions. Results showed increased emphasis on physical strength and emotional restraint for masculine males, fewer negative traits for masculine female and feminine male prototypes, and the emergence of social expectations and biological processes as dimensions in feminine female descriptions. Non-binary individuals were portrayed as having strong convictions, struggling with gender identity, and expressing uniqueness through appearance. The results indicate evolving gender prototypes and suggest that non-binary individuals are viewed as a distinct category rather than a blend of masculine and feminine traits. Shifting social norms, growing visibility of gender diversity, and increased acceptance of gender non-conformity appear to shape these patterns. Future research should include more diverse and cross-cultural samples, examine the influence of media and education on prototype formation and explore the implications of gender prototype changes for mental health. Keywords: Gender prototypes, masculinity, femininity, non-binary identities, gender norms, gender dimensions, young adults, prototype theory
| Item Type: | Thesis (Bachelor) |
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| Supervisor name: | Goedendorp, M.M. |
| Degree programme: | Psychology |
| Differentiation route: | None [Bachelor Psychology] |
| Date Deposited: | 01 May 2025 14:17 |
| Last Modified: | 01 May 2025 14:17 |
| URI: | http://gmwpublic.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/4866 |
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