Postma, Hannah (2025) Can Judgements of Knowing Enhance Multiple-Choice Learning in MemoryLab? Master thesis, Psychology.
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Abstract
Adaptive learning tools enhance learning outcomes by personalizing study schedules. Although they often rely on multiple-choice formats for practical reasons, open-ended questions typically yield better retention. Prior research indicates that delaying the presentation of multiple-choice answer alternatives promotes initial recall, thereby combining the benefits of both approaches. The present study examined whether such delayed-option presentation also improves retention within MemoryLab, an adaptive learning system that uses response latencies to estimate forgetting rates. Participants (N = 30) completed two Lithuanian vocabulary learning sessions in MemoryLab. In the immediate condition, answer options appeared simultaneously with each question. In the delayed condition, participants first provided a yes/no judgement of knowing before being shown the options. The latency of this judgement replaced the multiple-choice response time typically used by MemoryLab’s algorithm. After each session, participants completed a post-test on the studied items. Delayed presentation did not significantly improve post-test accuracy (p = .09) or the number of correctly recalled items (p = .29), though performance was comparable to MemoryLab’s standard algorithm. Learning-process measures revealed that the delayed condition produced lower estimated forgetting rates, longer trial durations, fewer repetitions, and exposure to more unique items. These patterns suggest that similar overall outcomes emerged through different learning dynamics: more repetitions (immediate) versus potentially deeper encoding (delayed). Future research should investigate alternative implementations of the judgement- of-knowing-procedure to advance understanding of its efficacy.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Master) |
|---|---|
| Supervisor name: | Rijn, D.H. van and Nieuwenstein, M.R. |
| Degree programme: | Psychology |
| Differentiation route: | Cognitive Psychology and Psychophysiology (CPP) [Master Psychology] |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Feb 2026 08:00 |
| Last Modified: | 02 Feb 2026 08:00 |
| URI: | http://gmwpublic.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/6107 |
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